Sorrow of Love Essay Example for Free

Sorrow of Love Essay In the rural south in the years 1880- 1995, women worked with the new hope that their sons and daughters would one day escape from the southern staple-crop economy, with its connected hardships and saddened opportunities. Maud Lee Bryant whom was a farm wife from North Carolina stated: â€Å"My main object of working was wanting the children to have a better way of living, that the world might be just a little better because the Lord had me here for something, and I tried to make good out of it, that was my aim†. Although in these woman’s words I find a great amount of pain, her strength is very visible. It is obvious that no matter how hard her life is, she tries to see her hardships as opportunities instead of feeling sorry for herself. A large amount of sharecroppers rarely stayed on the same plantation for more than a year or two for the reason being that their quest for household and group anatomy represented the tangible legacy of slavery. Although black families worked large amounts of hours they achieved neither consumer status nor total self-sufficiency due to the repressive labor system they worked for. It is right to say that black women were living a life of irony, although black women would pick cotton all day, they were never able to wear a cotton dress because of their low income and although they would work in agriculture as well, they barely survived on inadequate protein-deficient diets. Although blacks represented one-third of the southern population and 40 percent of its farmers and farm laborers, they were by no means the only penniless agricultural group. In 1910, nine-tenths of all southern black who made their living from the soil worked as tenants, sharecroppers, or contract laborers and most barely eked out enough in cotton to pay for rent, food, and supplies. During these years, a system by which a dominant group, whites, passed laws that were designed to humiliate a subordinate group, blacks, in public ways and in public places including: schools, parks, theaters, and public transportation. These new ideals of separation, combined with the systematic disfranchisement of black en, were enforced with state-sanctioned terrorism. By the late nineteenth century, whites of all classes had joined together to demonize black men as a group, and label all black women as immoral and sexually promiscuous. Between 1879 and 1881 as many as twenty thousand rural blacks fled the â€Å"young hell† of the lower South in search of the â€Å"promised land† of Kansas. The Kansas-fever exodus consisted primarily of families headed by former slaves desperate to escape neoslavery. Although granted relatively more overall freedom than their enslaved parents, black men and women in the late nineteenth century had only a limited ability to make crucial decisions related to household and farm management. A white employer controlled not only a family’s labor, but also its furnishings and food. In this book Jones offers a thorough analysis of black women, as the title suggests, from the times of slavery through to present day. The book was originally written in 1985 but the author updated the book and it was released in a second edition in 2009. I love studies that look at the intersection of various topics rather than examining one and ignoring the rest, because life doesn’t happen in a vacuum like that. Jones does that in a way that few do. This book is a true examination of race and gender, as well as class, and we study all of these as they interact with each other throughout the years. Starting with slavery Jones talks about how both black men and black women were affected, but she highlights the ways in which women experienced slavery in such a different manner. Throughout history, from slavery and until present day, women have been responsible for work in and outside of the home. In this way they do more than and experience different and additional issues to those of men. For example in the time of slavery women were usually expected to work as hard or almost as hard as men, but were also responsible for bearing and raising children, and keeping a home – cooking, sewing, cleaning, and more. White women, however, were not expected to do any work outside of the home at this time and also had the black slaves to help them in the house. For this reason examining history through the lens of only race or only gender does not give the true picture of life for black women. One of the themes that was highlighted most often through the book was that of family. Black women were forced to toil long hours for meager pay throughout history and until the present, and still expected to do most of the work at home as well. Jones talks about how work at home was prized and worth doing, often times, compared to work for whites, and how they would always try their best to find jobs with as much time with their family as they could.

Science Behind Dreams Essay -- Scientific Research

Did you ever wonder why you dream? Or if your dreams mean anything? Dreams can tell you many things. Dreams are a mental activity associated with rapid-eye movement or REM period of sleep. REM is in sleep, which the eyeballs dart back and forth under closed eyelids. When awakened from REM sleep, people frequently report they had just been dreaming.(Lemonick) They are made up of visual images, scenes or thought expressed in terms of seeing rather than in those of the other senses or in words. During dreams the blood pressure and heart rate increases, and breathing is quickened, but the body is still immobile. Science has uncovered the purpose and meaning of dreams. While they were looking for their answer, they researchers are probing the minds of cats, sleepwalkers , and stroke survivors. They found it is a mix of personal stories and fascinating study results keep the show moving at a lively pace. The dreamworld affects both mental health and problem solving in our waking lives.(L. K.) Electroencephalography studies electrical; activity of the brain during REM sleep. They have shown that young adults dream for 1 Â ½ to 2 hours of every 8-hour period of sleep. While infants spend an average of 50% of their sleep in the REM phase. They are believed to dream more often than adults, and it will decrease steadily with age.(Hobson) Research shows that infants in the womb spend nearly all their time in REM sleep and scientist think they’re using that time to develop brain circuitry, which suggests that the very structure of our minds may be something we have dreamed up. While extensive experiments on maze-running rats and video game playing humans, along with studies of people experiencing failing relationships and depression, have demons... ...Dreams are complex and confusing to understand. There are a lot more questions to be answered about dreams, and why we dream. I don’t think we will ever completely understand the dream world and the questions that want answered. Works Cited Coeman, Bennett. (2012): n.pag. Web. 20 April 2012. . Greengroos, Gil. "Why Do Memories of Vivid Dreams Disappear Soon After Waking Up?." June 3, 2011. n.pag. Web. 20 April 2012 Hobson, J.A. "The Dreaming Brain." Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 6. 11/1/11. n.pag. Web. 20 April 2012. JackWh, . "What Cause Dreams?." 3/17/12. n.pag. Web. 20 April 2012. Kasschau, Richard. Understanding Psychology (2008): 188-189. Web. 20 April 2012.z Lemonick, Michael D. "Time International (Canada Edition)." 163.10 3/8/2004. 44. Web. 20 April 2012. Tyrrell, Mark. "Why Do We Dream?." n.pag. Web. 20 April 2012.

Assessing a Underachieving Employee Essay

Executive Summary This is a short study about measuring an underachieving employee that I personally had to cover with. It discusses the jobs that arose. I analysed them and so put into topographic point a twosome of solutions. The most debatable work state of affairs that I personally encountered was with a work co-worker who was a immature lady working at the Cooperative nutrient group and she was underperforming. This relates to the constructs of book2. An debut to human resource direction in concern. session 4 Assessing and developing people at work. When my work co-worker foremost started working at the Cooperative she was an first-class worker who gave 100 % all the clip. She had worked at the Cooperative for merely over two old ages and we were in the procedure of believing about advancing her from a client service helper to a supervisor. She started to do errors at the check-out procedure. our director noticed hard currency deficits. losing dealing paperwork and errors on the lottery and paypoint terminuss. As a supervisor my director asked me to supervise the state of affairs over a two hebdomad period and to compose down any errors or hard currency deficits and put the day of the months they happened so that our director could make up one's mind what the following class of action would be. Measuring a Underachieving EmployeeThe analysis of the jobs that arose. I am utilizing constructs from book 2. An debut to human resource direction in concern. session 4. assessing and developing people at work. These errors that my work co-worker were doing could be go oning for a figure of grounds. She could be holding fiscal troubles so she has stolen the money that is why there are hard currency deficits. nevertheless that does non explicate why the other errors have occurred on the lottery and paypoint terminuss and it’s really easy to leap to the incorrect decision when analyzing this. I believe the chief point to be about public presentation direction as it states in book 2. session 4. 1. public presentation direction â€Å"ensuring that staff are motivated† . I don’t believe she is motivated any longer. as when she is at work she is stuck on a check-out procedure for really long periods of clip. There is no assortment in her occupation function to maintain her motivated. and to be absolutely honest when other members of staff are busy she does acquire forgotten approximately and if she does non inquire the other members of staff she would non even acquire her interruptions as they forget about her. Making the same thing twenty-four hours in twenty-four hours and twenty-four hours out can go a spot humdrum. This is why her public presentation has started to endure as she feels deflated and demotivated. It is as though she has given up on this occupation and merely turns up because she has to and she needs the money. As it states in book 2. session 4. 2 Measuring public presentation â€Å"the individual may miss way or be working to less than full capacity† . Which in this instance I believe to be true. This will impact how the concern is run if non cover with as other members of staff could get down to make the same. Customers will non desire to shop at that place if t he staff don’t show an involvement. The criterions that were one time at that place will get down to drop ensuing in a negative impact on the concern. A solution to the jobs that occurredThe first thing I would make would be to put up a record of meetings with this work co-worker and our director. This is a treatment about what is go oning and it is recorded for future mention. At this meeting I would discourse how we can travel frontward together as a squad. I would explicate to her the importance of her occupation function and how of import it is to acquire it right. I would put her little accomplishable marks to take for with wagess given when achieved. Arranging regular meetings is besides a good thought ; this could be done as a public presentation assessment. As it states in book 2. session 4. 4. table 4. 2. it has the â€Å"Opportunity to actuate staff by recognizing achievements† . I believe this is what is needed in this state of affairs. she needs to experience like a valued squad member. this would so give her the motive needed to make her occupation right and to her full capacity. the concern will so be more prod uctive as it stated in book 2. session 4. 2 Assessing public presentation. I may so look into whether she would be interested in altering her occupation function a small. for illustration. stock refilling. and bringing bringings in. look intoing day of the months on merchandises. that kind of thing. This would give her some assortment in her occupation and hopefully actuate her once more. This would necessitate more preparation and cost the concern. nevertheless if she is merely on the check-out procedures and non been monitored she is bing the concern money anyhow through the errors she is doing. Some of this preparation would be done externally. through preparation classs. nevertheless most of the preparation would be done by training. As it states in book 2. session 4. 6. Developing is non merely preparation classs. â€Å"coaching ; a manner of reassigning cognition and accomplishment from a more experient individual to a less experient person† . I think this is the best manner frontward for this work co-worker in this state of affairs.Research fr om the Internet I looked on the cyberspace and did some research to see how to develop underperformers at work. I found two the first 1 was Yourbusiness. azcentral. com. It fundamentally states that underperformers inhibit teamwork and lower morale of other staff members. It besides says you need to organize relationships with employees. so you can make a willingness to assist the person. It besides says to put incremental ends for the employee. What this web site was stating made sense. nevertheless I’m non certain how dependable this beginning is as it wants me to subscribe to them. The following 1 I looked at was World Wide Web. acas. org. uk. I found this website really interesting as it gives a full list of different signifiers that you can publish including appraisal signifiers. absence record sheets and tonss of information about how to pull off public presentation. I believe this to be a dependable beginning as this administration is devoted to forestalling and deciding employment iss ues. besides it wasn’t seeking to sell me anything. Tutor group forumI peculiarly enjoyed the coach group forum activity 2. 1 – Work Pleasure or Pain? It was nice that most people thought the same as me. in that they enjoyed their work. My hubby hates work and ne'er understands how I can bask traveling to work. I wholly agreed with what Mark Pickering said in that work is a pleasance and that it allows me to accomplish my ends in life. while supplying for my household. Mentions Book 2 ( 2012 ) ‘An debut to human resource direction in business’ The Open University. Milton Keynes. Study Companion ( 2012 ) . The Open University. Milton Keynes.Yourbusiness. azcentral. com.World Wide Web. acas. org. United Kingdom

Ken Wolfs Personalities and Problems Essay - 1359 Words

Ken Wolfs Personalities and Problems Ken Wolf, a professor of history at Murray Sate University and author of Personalities and Problems, wrote with the intent to illustrate the varied richness of human history over the past five centuries. He took various personalities such as adventurers, princes, political leaders, and writers and categorized them in a way for readers to draw lines between them to create a clearer view of world history for himself. Beginning each new chapter with a specific question about worldly concerns and disciplines allowed the readers to relate the topics to broader, more general scenarios of their cultures. Answering the questions in essay form gave examples of how certain cultures/ parts of the world†¦show more content†¦The church thought they had a solution to their problem with Luther by excommunicating him; however, he fought a tough battle. Implications show that he never gave up or threw in the hat. Nevertheless, if Luther did give up, there would have never been a Protestant r eform at that time and maybe we would be struggling and fighting Luther?s battle today. Aside from that example, Wolf added a plethora of admirable characters to his work. Not only did Luther set an example for readers that fighting for what one thinks is right is not easy, so did Elizabeth I. Readers may admire Elizabeth for trying to find a common ground by keeping a Protestant title, by allowing the practice of other religions. Wolf states she proceeded to do this ?using her cunning, energy, and intelligence to control friends and enemies alike (p.145).? Other admirable people included the great philosophers with the likes of Confucius and Plato. Both Confucius and Plato believed that in order to have a ?perfect? or ?good ?society, the ruler needed superior virtue and wisdom. Both of these philosophers set the guidelines for future philosophers and can be considered of the ?great teachers? throughout history. Wolf also follows through with his purpose to explain the richness of human history. By interconnecting some of the same people to various essays he helped the readers to draw the lines between the characters and make connections. For one, just

The Church Mission A Theology Of Mission - 839 Words

The church mission began with the love of God for the people. According to John 3:16 For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish, but have eternal life. God sent his Son out to the world to reconcile the people back to him. The key to theology of mission is man relationship to God and obedience to his will. According to global ministries, Mission is the story of God’s dealing with the world. It is the heart of Scripture, church history, doctrine, preaching and worship, ethics, and counseling. In this paper, the writer will introduce a theology of Mission as it relates to the congregation where the writer serve. The writer desire to spend time in the community where she serve as an associate pastor, this concept does not bother the constituents because they do not share the same feelings about going into the community and witness, pray and search out and fill the need of the community/members who has not attended church service in awhile. The writer and the other associate pastor and the pastor s time are not taken away from the constituents because the church need is taken care of first, however, to tend to the need of the community, the church must go outward if not on foot, at least through a letter of thoughtfulness. The writer used a scripture with the constituents to give them an understanding of embracing the DNA of Jesus Christ. Such as, John 4 with the Samaritan woman at the well. Jesus went outShow MoreRelatedTheology of Missions1707 Words   |  7 PagesTHEOLOGY OF MISSIONS A Paper Presented to Dr. James B. King Liberty Theological Seminary In partial fulfillment Of the requirements of GLST 500 By Linda Priddy-Hundley February 28.2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ii Old Testament Texts Relating to Missions 1 New Testament Texts Relating to Missions 2 The Nature of God and Missions 3 Two Aspects ofRead MoreExegesis Of Evangelism And Evangelism Essay1485 Words   |  6 Pagesmedia as the conduit. However, this mission of evangelism is not initiated or done by Church; the church is joining God in the missio Dei (God’s mission). Impact Church’s social media ministry for evangelism is a means of grace and an expression of God’s mission in the world. Bosch asserts: We cannot without ado claim that what we do is identical to the missio Dei; our missionary activities are only authentic inasfar as they reflect participation in the mission of God†¦.The primary purpose of the missionesRead MoreMission Theology Of The Bible1203 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction To understand â€Å"Mission Theology† we first have separate the two words. Mission is the vocation or calling of a religion organization, especially a Christian one, to go out into the world and spread its faith (Oxford Dictionaries). Theology is the study of God or the study of the nature of God and the relationship between the human and divine. In the textbook we use for class which is called â€Å"Introducing World Missions† we are told that the word â€Å"missions† (which ending with the letterRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Trinity And Missions1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe doctrine of the Trinity and missions is articulated in Scripture. This section will demonstrate from Scripture that the Trinity and missions is essential to understanding God’s plan and purpose for global missions. The trinity is seen in the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit all involved in some aspect of sending. As stated above, God is a God of love and compassion and who is concerned to provide a way to reconcile sinners to Himself in order that He may be glorified by people from every tribe,Read MoreJesus Christ And The Holy Spirit1159 Words   |  5 Pagesbrilliant dogmatic theology, â€Å"Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit† (28:19). This commission turns the church’s attention to the Gentiles mission without excluding the Jews. The Great Commission challenges the church of the twenty first century still, to bring others into a relationship with God, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit while remaining the mission of the church, and molding our call to mission and ministryRead MoreGlobal Missions Paper1189 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Global Missions Paper HTH 469/Grand Canyon University 08/24/2014 In this essay I will analyzes Escobars thesis and compares and contrasts his theological contribution with other theologians. I will discussion Escobars contextual approach as compared/contrasted in relation to one theological theme with two other contemporary theologians. I will summarize how Escobars overall theological contribution either expands or challenges the theological perspectives ofRead MoreThe Old Testament Language Of Joel 21384 Words   |  6 Pagesbecame the springboard for such missionary burst throughout the world. Anderson points out, â€Å"The idea of a world wide revival to precede the ‘soon coming King’ became a prominent theme in early Pentecostalism and was an important reason for frantic mission activity that came in the movement’s wake.† It is widely known, that early Pentecostal missionaries and the local people suffered due to such eschatological urgency. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that even through those sufferings God used theseRead MoreTheology of Missions Paper1440 Words   |  6 PagesA PAPER SUBMITTED TO IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COURSE Theology of Missions Paper ICST 500 BY TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------1 Encountering Missions in the Old and New Testament-----------1 Mission Theology----------------------------------------------------------4 Effecting the People-------------------------------------------------------4 Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------5 Read MoreHow Does Romans 15 Inform Us About Paul s Strategy For The Nations?1518 Words   |  7 PagesPDF format Name: Jordan Roberts ACT Number: 201727668 Subject Name: Biblical Theology of Mission – EM203 Assessment Title: Assessment Task #2: Essay Word Count Required: 2000 Word Count Actual (excludes references and bibliography): 1288 Due Date: 22/05/2017 Date Submitted: 22/05/2017 How does Romans 15 inform us about Paul’s strategy for mission to the nations? Romans 15 informs us about Paul’s strategy for mission to the nations by showing the reader how he will minister to the masses, whenRead MoreThe Challenge Of Organizational Leadership Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding on how Apostle Peter was saying about the principles of the concepts to the challenge of organizational leadership today, I must use the application of exegesis with the guidance of the Holy Spirit. These are my insights. In carrying out his mission, Peter persistently had to struggle with questions of creativity and innovation. In a very significant sense, he had to disconnect himself from his personal culture in order to do so. â€Å"It is important to note the distinction between practices

The End Of The American Revolutionary War - 1595 Words

The end of the American Revolutionary War (1783), started enormous immigration from Europe. The new immigrants settled in the Northeast region of the United States and as a result, it began to experience street gangs. However, most organized and violent street gangs did not emerge in America until the beginning of the nineteenth century. As immigration continued street gangs emerged in the United States in four regions during different periods of time. These first gangs were mainly comprised of white immigrants from Northern and Western Europe who came to the United States from the time the Revolutionary War ended in 1783 through to approximately 1860. In 1820, a second wave of immigration from other parts of Europe – Italy, Poland and Ireland began to arrive, along with a large Jewish segment. As immigration grew throughout the United States, gangs began to spread throughout the remaining regions of the United States with African-American gangs throughout the South, Hispanic/ Latino gangs from Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, and Mexico as well other Central and South American countries spread to the West. Asian based gangs also began to emerge throughout the West and the remaining parts of the U.S. Throughout history there is one commonality for the emergence of gangs. Most gangs emerge and develop as each gang tries to establish their identity as well as their desire for money, prosperity and opportunity. They commonly believe they can acquireShow MoreRelatedThe End Of The American Revolutionary War1595 Words   |  7 Pages The end of the American Revolutionary War (1783), started enormous immigration from Europe. The new immigrants settled in the Northeast region of the United States and as a result, it began to experience street gangs. However, most organized and violent street gangs did not emerge in America until the beginning of the nineteenth century. As immigration continued street gangs emerged in the United States in four regions during different periods of time. These first gangs were mainly comprisedRead MoreThe Treaty Of Paris And Indian War876 Words   |  4 Pages] Outline: 1. From one war to another a.) French and Indian War b.) Ended by the Treaty of Paris 2. Revolutionary War a.) Negotiations between Great Britain and America b.) Informal articles of peace 3. Ending of the Revolutionary War a.) Articles of peace b.) Formal agreements between Great Britain and America c.) Treaty of Paris [ The Treaty of Paris, The ending of the Revolutionary War ] In 1763, the treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War between Great Britain andRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War796 Words   |  3 PagesThe American Revolutionary War was a long hard fought war that lasted about 8 years. Many Countries were involved in the war, such as The United States, France, Great Britain, Spain, and The Dutch Republic. Not all countries actually fought but they provided either side with weapons and supplies to help them have a greater chance of winning the war. More than 70,000 people were killed during the great American Revolutionary War. The Americans were tired of the loyalist British taking advantage ofRead MoreThe American Revolution-Eight Long Years852 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution, also known as the American Revolutionary War and the War of Independence, lasted from 1775 to 1783. It stemmed from growing tensions between England’s 13 North American colonies and the colonial government representing England, as well a s cost sharing imposed on English colonies by successive governments in London for debts attributed to former wars (Foner, 2012). The â€Å"cost sharing† encompassed a variety of measures including taxation on goods produced in the colonies,Read MoreEvents and People that Shaped History Essay1108 Words   |  5 PagesChoosing such events or people to talk about is no easy task since there are so many that play a key role in how this country was founded, but the three different ones that will be covered in this paper are George Washington, the Revolutionary War, and finally the Civil War. One influential person that helped us found this nation was George Washington, Washington was born on February 22, 1732 in Virginia; he was the first President of the United States of America. Being commander-in-chief of the ContinentalRead MoreWhy Is History A Contentious Subject Within Schools Around The World?936 Words   |  4 Pagesrepeat the mistakes of the past. Without history our generation will be the dark about who they are. History need to be taught whether it is good or bad and relevant history need to be told. Early American history that needs to be taught is slavery. New generation needs to know who slaves in American were and how they were treated by their slave’s owners. Slavery is a tough topic and the emotion of those facts evoke are intense. However, people still need to know the hardship the blacks went throughRead MoreCitizen Tom Paine And Freedom Road Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesduring The American Revolutionary War and its after math (1765-83). Freedom Road depicts the conditions of the former African slaves after The Civil War (1861-65) Thomas Paine is a political philosopher and thinker who has strived for the liberation of the Americans and African slaves since the time of American Revolutionary War. He is named as Tom Paine and is the protagonist of the novel Citizen Tom Paine (1943). Thomas Paine is termed as â€Å"The Great Rabble Rouser and Revolutionary† (Mc DonaldRead MoreHow the American Revolution Changed American Society Essay1189 Words   |  5 Pages1789 the American Colonies underwent a radical transformation into an independent self governing nation. British debt accumulated from the French and Indian War brought colonists into conflict with the mother country over a variety of social, political and economic issues. However, the outcome of the American Revolution was not a radical departure from America had been prior to 1763 but later, with the introduction of the constitution, developed unto a revolutionary society. At the end of the AmericanRead MoreBattles That Help United States Win Independence from Britian530 Words   |  3 Pagesbasicly a turning point for the american troops this battle helped gain the morale of Washingtons troops and gained the desire to fight on.But this is not the only battle that was necessary to the Revolutionary War,The Battle of Saratoga this battle was, in addition to the others, a great battle as a result of here the American forces stopped to any other further advances from British troops.Finally, The Battle of yorktown this battle not only was the time the american troops were on the brink to winningRead MoreA Comparison Of The American And Vietnam Revolutionary Wars And The Use Of Insergency1500 Words   |  6 Pages H502 HISTORY OF INSURGENCY: A COMPARISON OF THE AMERICAN AND VIETNAM REVOLUTIONARY WARS AND THE USE OF INSERGENCY CW4 Joseph, Stephen E WOSSE: 16-006B 26 September 2016 Table of Contents A Nation for Change 1 A Revolutionary War 1 Liberating a Revolutionary War 4 BIBLIOGRAPHY 6 A Nation for Change No one person wakes in the morning and decides to tackle years of institutional rule without thinking certain doom, discomfort, or in some cases, death. Citizens living during

Biological Psychology Final Notes Free Essays

Chapter 2- Darwin was the first to suggest how evolutionoccurs. Humans belong to the primate family known as hominins. Characteristics that evolved to perform one function but were co-opted to perform another function are called exaptations. We will write a custom essay sample on Biological Psychology Final Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each group of three consecutive nucleotide bases along the strand of messenger RNA is called a codon, which instructs the ribosome to add amino acids to the protein being constructed. Subsequent to the nature-nuture issue, a second line of thought surrounding the biology of behavior is the dualistic physiological-psychological debate. Courtship displays are thought to be important because they premote the evolution of new species. Amphibians evolved from bony fishes and later into reptiles, the first vertebrates to lay shell-covered eggs and to be covered with dry scales. In most species mating is indiscriminate or promiscuous; however, there are some species in which males and females create mating bonds with members of the opposite sex. Genes that contain the information necessary for the synthesis of proteins are enhancer genes. Not all DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell; some is found in mitochondria. Monoallelic expression occurs when one of the two alleles of a gene is inactivated, due to an unidentified epigenetic mechanism, and the other allele is expressed. Descartes claimed the mind is made up of the soul, body, and spirit. RNA is like DNA except it contains the base uracil instead of thymine. Epigenetic mechanisms are thought to be the mearns by which a small number of genes are able to orchestrate the development of human complexity. The mate-bonding pattern in which bonds are formed between one male and one female is known as monogamy. Evolution is not always adaptive. Incidental non-adaptive byproducts are called spandrels. Mitochondria are energy generation structures that are located in the cytoplasm of every cell. Each chromosome has double stranded molecules known as DNA and each is a sequence of nucleotide bases. Courtship displays are thought to be important because the premote the evolution of new species. Chapter 3- CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord. PNS is located outside the skull and spine and serves to bring info to the CNS and carry signals out of the CNS. PNS: Somatic Nervous System – Afferent nerves (sensory) Efferent nerves (motor). Autonomic Nervous System- Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves and both nerves are efferent. Sympathetic – thoracic and lumbar, â€Å"fight or flight,† second stage neurons are far from the target organ. Parasympathetic – cranial and sacral, â€Å"rest and restore,† second stage neurons are near the target organ. All nerves are efferent. Sympathetic and parasympathetic generally have opposite effects. Two stage neural paths, neuron exiting the CNS synapses on a second stage neuron before the target organ. Protective mechanisms of the CNS – bone (brain spinal cord), meninges (protective membranes), cerebrospinal fluid, and blood brain barrier. CNS encased in bone and covered by three meninges: dura mater- tough outer membrane, arachnoid membrane – web like, pia mater – adheres to CNS surface. Ventricles spinal cord – contain spinal fluid, cushion against mechanical shock, delivery of hormones, delivery of nutrients. Cerebral Vascular system – delivery of nutrients (glucose, thiamine), delivery of hormones (communication), thermoregulation (maintain temperature), blood brain barrier. Two Types of Cells in Nervous System: neurons – transmit electrical and chemical signals, different types of neurons. Glia – different types, different functions. Neurons – specialized cells for the reception, conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals AND many sizes and shapes. Neurons-messengers-release of chemical that forms communication with other neurons. Semi-permeable membranes – uncharged molecules; move freely across membrane, a few charged molecules (sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride) move through channels, lipids (fat molecules) are key components of the membrane, protein molecules are the key components of ion channels. Glial cells (forgotten cells): glial cells – support neurons, recent evidence for glial communication and modulatory effects of glia on neuronal communication. Types of glial cells: oligodendrocytes- extensions rich in myelin create myelin sheaths in CNS. Schwann cells- ssimilar to function of oligodendrocytes but in PNS, can guide axonal regeneration. Astrocytes- largest glia, star shaped, many functions. Microglia- involved in response to injury or disease. Radial glia- form temporary network to facilitate neural migration. Phagocytic microglia in the flat-mounted inner retina of the rat following transection of the optic nerve – the neurons were axotomized and retrogradely labelled with the fluorescent dye, Due to the membranophilic property of the dye, microglial cells became transcellularly stained after phagocytosis of 4Di-10ASP-labelled neuronal debris. Inside the phagocytes, incorporated membranes are accumulated in phagosomes, which are detectable even years after the neuronal injury. Golgi stain – allows for visualization of individual neurons and general shapes. Nissl stain – selectively stains cell bodies; permits quantification of cell bodies. Electron microscopy – details of neuronal structure. Neuroanatomical Tracing Techniques: Anterograde(forward)- tracing to where axons project away from an area. Retrograde (backward)- tracing from where axons are projecting into an area. Contralateral–opposite side. Ipsilateral – same side. Gray matter – inner component, primarily cell bodies. White matter – outer area, mainly myelinated. Forebrain: Cerebral hemispheres Cortex, Hippocampus, Basal ganglia, Thalamus, Hypothalamus. Midbrain: Tectum, Tegmentum, Superior Colliculus, Inferior colliculus, Substantia nigra. Hindbrain: Pons, Cerebellum, Medulla axons. Chapter 4: Membrane potential: difference in electrical charge (charged particles or ions) between inside and outside of cell. Resting membrane potential: Resting membrane potential is about –70 mV, Potential inside of the neuron is 70 mV less than that outside of the neuron, When difference in potential exists, the membrane is said to be polarized (carries a charge). Ions move in/out through ion-specific channels. Potassium (K+) and Chloride (Cl-) pass readily. Sodium (Na+)-little free movement across membrane. Negatively charged proteins (A-)– Synthesized within the neuron, Found primarily within the neuron, A-don’t move at all, trapped inside. Binding of neurotransmitters to receptors causes changes in the electrical charge. Depolarizations (membrane potential less negative) result in excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). Hyperpolarizations (membrane potential more negative) result in inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Threshold of activation (-65 mV) must be reached near the axon hillock. Spatial summation : Adding or combining individual signals (PSPs) happening at different places into one overall signal. Temporal summation: Adding or combining individual signals (PSPs) happening at different times into one overall signal. Synthesis, Packaging, and Transport of Neurotransmitter Molecules- The chemical signal: Neurotransmitter molecules — Small; Synthesized in the terminal button and packaged in synaptic vesicles. Large; Assembled in the cell body, packaged in vesicles, and then transported to the axon terminal. Major Events in Neurotransmission– The arrival of an AP at the terminal opens voltage-activated Ca2+ channels, The entry of Ca2+ causes vesicles to fuse to the presynaptic membrane and be released into the synaptic cleft. Exocytosis – the process of NT release. Glutamate – Most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS. Astrocytes appear to communicate and to modulate neuronal aactivity. Chapter 15: â€Å"Addicts† are those who continue to use a drug despite its adverse effects on health and social life . Most addictive drugs target dopamine pathways and other NTs. Psychoactive drugs – drugs that influence subjective experience and behavior by acting on the nervous system: In order for a psychoactive drug to have an effect, it must get to the brain – it must pass through the blood-brain barrier, Action of most drugs terminated by enzymes in the liver – drug metabolism, Small amounts may also be excreted in urine, sweat, feces, breath, and mother’s milk. Alcohol: A depressant. Marijuana: Cannabis sativa – common hemp plant. Medicinal Uses of Marijuana: Treats nausea, Blocks seizures, Dilates bronchioles of asthmatics, Decreases severity of glaucoma. Reduces some forms of pain. †¢ Drugs influence availability of neurotransmitters. – Agonist – if drug mimics or enhances NT– Antagonist – if drug inhibits NT aactivity. – Affinity – if drug binds to a receptor. – Efficacy – its tendency to activate the receptor. Relapse – priming doses (prefrontal cortex), drug associated cues (amygdala), and stress (hypothalamic stress circuits). Chapter 5: MRI ? High resolution images. ? Constructed from measurement of waves that hydrogen atoms emit when activated within a magnetic field. PET scan ? Provides images of brain aactivity ? Scan is an image of levels of radioaactivity in various parts of one horizontal level of the brain ? A radiolabeled substance is administered prior to the scan. Chapter 6: Light enters the eye through the pupil, whose size changes in response to changes in illumination. Sensitivity – the ability to see when light is dim. Acuity – the ability to see details. Lens – focuses light on the retina. Ciliary muscles alter the shape of the lens as needed. Accommodation – the process of adjusting the lens to bring images into focus. Myopia – nearsightedness – inability to bring distant objects into focus; eyeball too long or cornea too curved; focal point of light falls short of the retina. Hyperopia – farsightedness – inability to focus on near objects; eyeball too short or lens too flat; focal point of light falls beyond the retina. Presbyopia – oldsightedness – lens loses elasticity; unable to refract light; most people over 50. Convergence – eyes must turn slightly inward when objects are close. Binocular disparity – difference between the images on the two retinas. Light passes through ganglion and bipolar cell to visual receptors and then†¦? Photoreceptors (rods and cones)? Horizontal cells? Bipolar cells? Amacrine cells? Retinal ganglion cells? Axons of the ganglion cells leave the back of the eye as the optic nerve. Cones: Photopic (daytime) vision. High-acuity and color information in good lighting. Concentrated in the fovea. ? Rods: Scotopic (nighttime) vision. High-sensitivity, allowing for low-acuity vision in dim light, but lacks detail and color information. Found only in the periphery. Rods: High convergence increased sensitivity, decreased acuity. Cones: Low convergence ? less sensitivity, increased acuity. Fovea: high acuity area at center of retina. Optic nerve is made up of axons of ganglion cells. We continually scan the world with small and quick eye movements – saccades. Transduction – conversion of one form of energy to another. Receptive field: The area of the visual field within which it is possible for a visual stimulus to influence the firing of a given neuron. Most neurons in V1 are either ? Simple – receptive fields are rectangular with â€Å"on† and â€Å"off† regions, or all monocular ? Complex – also rectangular, larger receptive fields, respond best to a particular stimulus anywhere in its receptive field and many are binocular. Chapter 7: Primary cortex–input mainly from thalamic relay nuclei †¢ Secondary Cortex – input mainly from primary and secondary cortex within the sensory system †¢ Association Cortex – input from more than one sensory system, usually from secondary sensory cortex. Sensation – detecting a stimulus †¢ Perception – understanding the stimulus. How to cite Biological Psychology Final Notes, Papers